Questions assessing comparative judgments are often phrased as directed comparisons, that is, a stimulus A (subject) is to be compared to a stimulus B (referent); for example, "Is tennis more exciting ...

High prices for cancer drugs preclude independent comparative effectiveness trials that would seek to establish equally effective but cheaper alternatives — thereby protecting the market share of ...

Pain shapes survival, behavior, and welfare across species, yet many key questions about how pain starts, persists, and ...