Calculus of variations establishes a framework to determine the extrema of functionals—mappings from functions to real numbers—which has been pivotal in elucidating natural principles such as the ...
Fractional calculus extends the classical notions of differentiation and integration to non-integer orders, offering an adaptable framework that is particularly well suited to modelling anomalous ...
In the late 19th century, Karl Weierstrass invented a fractal-like function that was decried as nothing less than a “deplorable evil.” In time, it would transform the foundations of mathematics.
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