Part 1 of this article appeared in the November 2003 issue of EE. It is essential that engineers understand the underlying principles of safety so that they can design safe products. Safety does not ...

For testing PCBs, test engineers have a variety of options ranging from venerable in-circuit testers and flying probers to functional testers and the latest in embedded-instrument technology.

Beeping continuity testers have been around for a long time, but for PCB reverse engineering purposes they leave a lot to be desired. They respond to a “short circuit” of several ohms whereas one ...